Review of the Upper Bound Method for Application to Metal Forming Processes

In this paper, we review the upper bound method in plasticity with special reference to metal forming processes. We focus on itself, solution methods, and restrictions of method. Particular solutions are not considered. The theorem is formulated using work function, which different from conventional proofs. This approach allows for a unified formulation several types rigid plastic materials. methods include elemental techniques, streamline-based singular solutions. major related stationary processes friction laws.